Vol. 21 No. 3S (2017): TO 60th anniversary of Meshalkin Center (Special Issue)
TO 50th ANNIVERSARY OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION

Christiaan N. Barnard (1922–2001) and his path to heart transplantation

V. Kaleda
Ochapowski Regional Hospital, 350086 Krasnodar, Russian Federation
Bio

Published 2017-09-22

Keywords

  • Christiaan Barnard,
  • heart transplantation,
  • history of medicine,
  • history of cardiac surgery,
  • history of transplantology

How to Cite

Kaleda, V. (2017). Christiaan N. Barnard (1922–2001) and his path to heart transplantation. Patologiya Krovoobrashcheniya I Kardiokhirurgiya, 21(3S), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.21688/1681-3472-2017-3S-92-100

Abstract

First human-to-human heart transplantation performed on the 3th of December 1967 in Cape Town has become one of the most striking events in the history of medicine in 20th century. It also made an unknown surgeon Christiaan Barnard a world celebrity. Nowadays heart transplantation has become a routine procedure in many countries. Nevertheless, the happenings which took place 50 years ago are still exciting with the determination, courage and charisma of those who were related to this history. This paper describes the circumsances of the first heart transplantation and provides the biography of Ch. Barnard whose name is inextricably linked to this event.

Received 4 September 2017. Accepted 7 October 2017.

Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.
Conflict of interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements:
I express my gratitude to prof. Vladimir V. Alexi-Meskishvili (Berlin, Germany), Р. Тоов из Архивов Университета Миннесоты (Миннеаполис, США), К. Петерсон из Национального музея американской истории (Вашингтон, США), Д. Смит из Хелс энд Медикал Паблишинг Гроуп (Претория, ЮАР) and Sergey Yu. Boldyrev (Krasnodar, Russia) for the illustrations used in this paper.

References

  1. Brink J.G., Cooper D.K. Heart transplantation: the contributions of Christiaan Barnard and the University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital. World J Surg. 2005;29(8):953-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-005-0154-2
  2. Rowe D.J. Dr. Christiaan Barnard: renowned surgeon, egoist but an old-fashioned family doctor at heart. Interview by Robert MacNeil. Can Med Assoc J. 1979;120(1):98-9. PMID: 367559
  3. Massad M.G. Christiaan Neethling Barnard (1922-2001). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123(1):1-2. https://doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2002.121042
  4. Dent D.M., Brink J., Terblanche J. Christian (Chris) Neethling Barnard, 1922-2001. S Afr Med J. 2001;91(10):840-1. PMID: 11763850
  5. Cywes S. Professor Jan Hendrik Louw. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27(9):1173-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3468(92)90780-B
  6. Louw J.H., Barnard C.N. Congenital intestinal atresia; observations on its origin. Lancet. 1955;269(6899):1065-7. PMID: 13272331
  7. Citation — Christiaan Neethling Barnard — degree of Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa — University of Cape Town. S Afr Med J. 1967;41(48):1259-60. PMID: 4866695
  8. Edlich R.F. In memoriam: a tribute to dr. Owen H. Wangensteen, the greatest teacher of surgery during the 20th century (1898-1981). J Surg Res. 2007;138(2):241-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2006.09.004
  9. Barnard C.N. The genesis of intestinal atresia. Surg Forum. 1957;7:393-6. PMID: 13433397
  10. Barnard C.N. A method of operating on fetal dogs in utero. Surgery. 1957;41(5):805-7. PMID: 13433235
  11. Cooley D.A. C. Walton Lillehei, the "Father of open heart surgery". Circulation. 1999;100(13):1364-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.100.13.1364
  12. Najarian J.S. Richard L. Varco, MD, PhD: the compleat academic surgeon. Surgery. 2003;133(4):451-2. https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2003.83
  13. Fann J.I., Baumgartner W.A. Historical perspectives of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Norman E. Shumway, Jr (1923-2006). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;142(6):1299-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.09.005
  14. Lower R.R., Shumway N.E. Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart. Surg Forum. 1960;11:18-9. PMID: 13763847
  15. Cass M.H., Brock R. Heart excision and replacement. Guys Hosp Rep. 1959;108:285-90. PMID: 13808190
  16. Cooper D.K. Experimental development of cardiac transplantation. Br Med J. 1968;4(5624):174-81. PMCID: PMC1911987
  17. A tribute to Professor Christiaan Barnard by Netcare (Докуменальный фильм). Режим доступа: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6zusFIr6pc&t=130s (дата обращения 27.08.2017) [A tribute to Professor Christiaan Barnard by Netcare (Documentary). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6zusFIr6pc&t=130s. (accessed 27.08.2017)]
  18. Toledo-Pereyra L.H. Christiaan Barnard. J Invest Surg. 2010;23(2):72-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/08941939.2010.484321
  19. Cooper D.K. Christiaan Neethling Barnard. Clin Cardiol. 2001;24(7):527-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-2498(00)00245-X
  20. Barnard C.N., Phillips W.L., De Villiers D.R., Casserley R.D., Hewitson R.P., Van Der Riet R.L., McKenzie M.B. Some experiences with intracardiac surgery using the helixreservoir bubble oxygenator with total cardio-pulmonary bypass. A review of the first 30 cases treated at the Groote Schuur and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospitals, Cape Town. S Afr Med J. 1959;33:789-96. PMID: 13796850
  21. Schrire V., Barnard C.N. An analysis of cardiac surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, for the 14 years April 1951-April 1965. Part I. Acquired heart disease. S Afr Med J. 1966;40(13):279-84. http://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA20785135_36966
  22. Schrire V., Beck S., Barnard C.N. An analysis of cardiac surgery at Groote Schuur and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospitals, Cape Town, for the 14 years April 1951-April 1965. Part II. Congenital heart disease. S Afr Med J. 1966;40(20):461-7. PMID: 5939854
  23. Barnard C.N., Schrire V. Surgical correction of Ebstein's malformation with prosthetic tricuspid valve. Surgery. 1963;54(2):302-8.
  24. Kirklin J.K. Christiaan Barnard's contribution to the surgical treatment of Ebstein's malformation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51(1):147-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(91)90476-7
  25. Barnard C.N., Schrire V. The surgical treatment of the tetralogy of Fallot. Thorax. 1961;16:346-55. PMCID: PMC1018649
  26. Barnard C.N. The surgical treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot. N Z Med J. 1965;64(400):Suppl:24-5. PMID: 5217330
  27. O' Donovan T.G., Gotsman M.S., Schrire V., Barnard C.N. Cardiac surgery in the infant groups. S Afr Med J. 1967;41:1073-6.
  28. Barnard C.N., Schrire V. The surgical treatment of acquired aneurysm of the throracic aorta. Thorax. 1963;18(2):101-15. PMCID: PMC1018746
  29. Barnard C.N. Surgical treatment of acquired aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. N Z Med J. 1965;64(Suppl):61-3.
  30. Gotsman M.S., Beck W., Barnard C.N., Schrire V. The use of implantable cardiac pacemaker in the treatment of complete heartblock. S Afr Med J. 1966;40(26):607-13. http://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA20785135_37384
  31. Barnard C.N., McKenzie M.B., Schrire V. A surgical approach to mitral insufficiency. Br J Surg. 1961;48:655-62. PMID: 13687073
  32. Barnard C.N, Schrire V. Surgery of mitral incompetence. Postgrad Med J. 1961;37(433):666-78. PMCID: PMC2482472
  33. Barnard C.N., Schrire V., Goosen C.C., Holmgren L.V. Complete replacement of the mitral valve. S Afr Med J. 1963;37(3):97-100. http://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA20785135_42396
  34. Barnard C.N., Schrire V., Goosen C.C. Total aortic valve replacement. Lancet. 1963;2(7313):856-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(63)92745-4
  35. Barnard C.N., Schrire V. Complete replacement of both mitral and aortic valves. S Afr Med J. 1964;38:765-8. PMID: 14215696
  36. Barnard C.N., Schrire V., Frater R.W., Goosen C.C. Further experiences with the U.C.T. mitral, tricuspid, and aortic prostheses. Surgery. 1965;57:211-9. PMID: 14263791
  37. Beck W., Barnard C.N., Schrire V. The hemodynamics of the University of Cape Town aortic prosthetic valve. Circulation. 1966;33(4):517-27. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.33.4.517
  38. Schrire V., Beck W., Hewitson R.P., Barnard C.N. Aortic valve replacement with the University of Cape Town lenticular prosthesis. A follow-up evaluation. Am J Cardiol. 1967;20(6):796-802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(67)90392-X
  39. Barnard C.N. Mitral valve replacement with the University of Cape Town prosthesis. N Z Med J. 1965;64(Suppl):50-2.
  40. Demikhov V.P. Experimental transplantation of vital organs. Basil Haigh, transl. New York: Consultant’s Bureau Enterprises, Inc.; 1962. 285 p.
  41. Konstantinov I.E. At the cutting edge of the impossible: A tribute to Vladimir P. Demikhov. Tex Heart Inst J. 2009;36(5):453-8. PMCID: PMC2763473
  42. Barnard C.N. Comments on the first human-to-human heart transplant. 1993. Cardiovasc J S Afr. 2001;12(4):192-4.
  43. Barnard M.S. Heart transplantation: an experimental review and preliminary research. S Afr Med J. 1967;41(48):1260-2. PMID: 4866696
  44. Ackerman N.Jr., Terblanche J., Devilliers D.R., Barnard C.N. Observations on the early diagnosis and chemotherapeutic treatment of threatened renal rejection in dogs. S Afr Med J. 1965;39:295-301. PMID: 14285051
  45. Schrire V., Beck W. Human heart transplantation — the pre-operative assessment. S Afr Med J. 1967;41(48):1263-5. http://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA20785135_34903
  46. Brink J.G., Hassoulas J. The first human heart transplant and further advances in cardiac transplantation at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town. Cardiovasc J S Afr. 2009;20(1):31-5.
  47. Barnard C.N. The operation. A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. S Afr Med J. 1967;41(48):1271-4. PMID: 4170370
  48. Hardy J.D., Chavez C.M., Kurrus F.E, Neely W.A., Eraslan S., Turner M.D., Fabian L.W., Labecki T.D. Heart transplantation in man. Developmental studies and report of a case. JAMA. 1964;188:1132-40. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008
  49. Special issue on the first human-to-human cardiac transplantation. S Afr Med J. 1967;41(48):1257-78.
  50. Бураковский В.И., Фролова М.А., Фальковский Г.Э. Пересадка сердца: вопросы клиники и теории. Тбилиси: Сабчота Сакартвело, 1977. 236 с. [Burakovskij V.I., Frolova M.A., Falkowski G.E. Heart transplantation: clinical and theoretical issues. Tbilisi, Sabchota Sakartvelo Publ.; 1977. 236 p. (In Russ.)]
  51. Hoffenberg R. Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death. Br Med J. 2001;323(7327):1478-80. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1478
  52. Barnard C.N. What we have learned about heart transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1968;56(4):457-68. PMID: 4879092
  53. Allen J.G., Shah A.S., Conte J.V., Baumgartner W.A. Heart Transplantation. In: Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, Fourth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2011. pp. 1297-1325.
  54. Barnard C.N., Losman J.G. Left ventricular bypass. S Afr Med J. 1975;49(9):303-12. PMID: 1090016
  55. Personal communication with Prof Johan G Brink, Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town (August 2017).
  56. Barnard C.N., Wolpowitz A., Losman J.G. Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. S Afr Med J. 1977;52(26):1035-8. PMID: 416502
  57. Barnard C.N. The first heart transplant — background and circumstances. S Afr Med J. 1995;85(9):924-6. PMCID: PMC4200566
  58. Барнард К. Нежелательные элементы. М.: Прогресс, 1979. 480 с. [Barnard Ch. The unwanted. Moscow, Progress Publ.; 1979. 480 p. (In Russ.)]
  59. Capot C. Celebrating 100 years of innovations published in ‘Medical Clinics’ – with timeline and quiz. Advances that dramatically improved healthcare have been chronicled in the century-old Medical Clinics review journal (2016). Режим доступа: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/celebrating-100-years-of-innovations-published-in-medical-clinics-with-timeline-and-quiz (дата обращения 27.08.2017). [Capot C. Celebrating 100 years of innovations published in ‘Medical Clinics’ – with timeline and quiz. Advances that dramatically improved healthcare have been chronicled in the century-old Medical Clinics review journal. (2016). Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/celebrating-100-years-of-innovations-published-in-medical-clinics-with-timeline-and-quiz (accessed 27.08.2017)]